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T and work, enunciated by Carnot, are known as, first, a Cycle of
operations; and, secondly, what he termed a Reversible Cycle. In order
to be able to reason upon the work done by a heat-engine, say a
steam-engine
for example, Carnot stated we must
imagine a cycle of operations, by which, at the end of such
operations, the steam or water is brought back to
exactly the same state in which it was at its start. He calls this a
cycle of operations, and of it he says, that only at the

conclusion of the cycle are we entitled to reason upon the relation
between the work done and the heat spent
in doing it. His other idea of the reversible cycle implies that an
engine is reversible when, instead of using heat and getting work from
it, the engine may be driven through the cycle of operations the
reverse
way, that is, by taking in work, it can pump back
heat to the boiler again. Carnot showed that if you can obtain
such a reversible engine, it is a perfect engine. All perfect engines,
that is all reversible engines, will do exactly the same amount of work
with the same amount of heat, the amount of work being strictly
proportionate
to the amount of heat consumed. I need hardly point out
that the
reversible engine, or the perfect engine of Carnot, is only the ideal
one, as there is no engine in

which all the heat is converted into work, as a great deal of the heat
is radiated away and not converted
into work at all. Again, working
from the standpoint that heat is matter, Carnot reasoned that in the
heat-engine the work
is performed, not by the actual consumption of heat, but by its
transportation

from a hot body to a cold one. Thus, by the fall of heat from a
higher to a lower temperature, work could be done in the same way that
work could be done by allowing
water to fall from a higher to a lower level. The quantity of water
which reaches the lower level is exact
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